BACKGROUND: Several surveys that have been published show opinions regarding a change in the scope of chiropractic practice to include prescription rights. Currently, research into the attitudes of South African chiropractors towards having this right is non-existentAIM: To ascertain the attitudes of South African chiropractors towards the inclusion of drug prescription rights in their scope of practiceSETTING: The study was conducted on chiropractors registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa and members of the Chiropractic Association of South AfricaMETHOD: A self-administrative online questionnaire was developed, and sent via email to all registered chiropractors in South Africa in February 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the dataRESULTS: The response rate for this study was 15.9% (n = 138). 84% (n =105) were in favour of limited prescription rights for over-the-counter medication. However, 79.6% (n = 98) did not agree to full prescriptions rights for non-musculoskeletal drugs. A total of 33.6% (n = 42) rarely recommended OTC and prescription-based analgesics, muscle relaxants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to their acute patients and 37.9% (n = 52) rarely recommended these drugs to chronic patients. 68.8% (n = 86) were confident in their knowledge of musculoskeletal drugs and 91.2% (n = 112) agreed on further education and training in pharmacology for those practitioners seeking limited medication prescription rightsCONCLUSION: The majority of South African chiropractor respondents indicated an interest in expanding their scope of practice to include limited prescription rightsCONTRIBUTION: These findings could indicate a shift in the attitudes of chiropractors towards drug prescription rights within the profession

ABSTRACT. Nitrogen management in crops is a key activity for agricultural production. Methods that can determine the levels of this element in plants in a quick and non-invasive way are extremely important for improving production systems. Within several fronts of study on this subject, proximal and remote sensing methods are promising techniques. In this regard, this research sought to demonstrate the relationships between variations in leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and sugarcane spectral behaviour. The work was carried out in three experimental areas in São Paulo State, Brazil, with different soils, varieties and nitrogen rates during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons. A significant correlation was observed between the LNC and variations in the sugarcane spectra. The green and red-edge spectral bands were the most consistent and stable predictors of LNC among the evaluated harvests. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis (MSLR) generated better models for LNC estimation when calibrated with experimental area, independent of the variety. The present research demonstrates that specific wavelengths are associated with the variation in LNC in sugarcane, and these are reported in the green region (near 550 nm) and in the red-edge wavelengths (680 to 720 nm). These results may help in future research on the direct in situ application of nitrogen fertilizers.

RESUMO Redes alimentares não são entidades estáticas; interações entre consumidores e recursos variam no tempo e no espaço, o que complica as representações das estruturas de redes alimentares. Nós estimamos a estrutura da assembléia de peixes e dieta em dois riachos de água clara na região venezuelana dos Llanos (Charcote e Charcotico) e construímos redes tróficas (sub-redes definidas por peixes como os principais consumidores) para quatro períodos do pulso anual de inundação. À medida que as condições dos riachos mudam de águas altas para águas baixas, nós hipotetizamos que: 1) a razão piscívoros e não piscívoros irá aumentar; 2) a diversidade da dieta irá diminuir; 3) a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica irá diminuir; 4) menos itens alimentares alóctones serão consumidos; e 5) a conectância da teia alimentar irá aumentar. A razão da abundância de piscívoros e não piscívoros foi maior em ambos riachos durante a estação de águas baixas. A diversidade da dieta declinou à medida que as águas baixavam e a disponibilidade de habitats aquáticos e recursos declinavam, mas a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica não foi menor. Contrária à nossa hipótese, a média de sobreposição alimentar interespecífica aumentou no Charcote à medida que a estação cheia progrediu, mesmo com a sobreposição alimentar significativamente menor do que o esperado ao acaso. Não encontramos forte suporte para nossas hipóteses relacionadas aos padrões sazonais de consumo de recursos alóctones e conectância da cadeia trófica, os quais revelaram pouca variação sazonal.

ABSTRACT Food webs are not static entities; consumer resource interactions vary in both time and space, which complicates depiction and comparisons of food web structures. We estimated fish assemblage structure and diets in two clear-water streams in the Venezuelan Llanos region (Charcote and Charcotico) and constructed trophic networks (sub-webs defined by fishes as the principal consumers) during four periods of the annual flood pulse. As stream conditions changed from high-water to low-water, we hypothesized that: 1) the piscivore-non-piscivore ratio would increase; 2) dietary diversity would decrease; 3) interspecific dietary overlap would decline; 4) fewer allochthonous food items would be consumed; and 5) food-web connectance would increase. The piscivore-non-piscivore abundance ratio was higher in both streams during the low-water period. Dietary diversity declined as water levels dropped and availability of aquatic habitats and resources declined, but interspecific dietary overlap was not lower. Contrary to our hypothesis, average interspecific dietary overlap increased at Charcote as the dry season progressed, even though dietary overlap among species was significantly lower than expected by chance. We did not find strong support for our hypotheses regarding seasonal patterns of consumption of allochthonous resources and food web connectance, both of which revealed little seasonal variation.

Objetivo: la fibrilación auricular (FA) y la enfermedad coronaria (EC) son comunes en los pacientes añosos. En este estudio nos propusimos describir el uso de agentes antiarrítmicos (AAA) y los resultados clínicos en estos pacientes. Métodos y resultados: se analizó el tratamiento con AAA y los resultados observados en 1.738 pacientes mayores (edad ³65) con FA y EC registrados en el Banco de Datos para Enfermedad Cardiovascular de Duke. Los resultados primarios fueron mortalidad y rehospitalización al año y a los cinco años. En términos generales, 35% de los pacientes recibían un AAA al inicio, 43% eran mujeres y 85% eran blancos. Fueron frecuentes los antecedentes de infarto de miocardio (IM, 31%) e insuficiencia cardíaca (41%). La amiodarona era el AAA más frecuente (21%), seguida de agentes de Clase III pura (sotalol 6,3%, dofetilida 2,2%). La persistencia de los AAA fue baja (35% al año). Luego del ajuste, el uso de AAA al inicio no se asoció con la mortalidad al año (cociente de riesgo ajustado (HR) 1,23, intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 0,94-1,60) o con la mortalidad cardiovascular (HR ajustado 1,27, IC 95% 0,90-1,80). Sin embargo, el uso de AAA sí se asoció con un aumento de la rehospitalización por todas las causas (HR ajustado 1,20, IC 95%: 1,03-1,39) y rehospitalización cardiovascular (HR ajustado 1,20, IC 95% 1,01-1,43) al año. Esta asociación no se mantiene a los cinco años; sin embargo, estos pacientes tuvieron un elevado riesgo de muerte (55% para los >75 años y que recibían AAA) y rehospitalización (87% para aquellos >75 años que recibían AAA) a los cinco años. Conclusiones: en pacientes añosos que padecen FA y EC, la terapia antiarrítmica se acompañó de aumento de la rehospitalización al año. En términos generales, estos pacientes presentan un alto riesgo de internación y muerte a largo plazo. Se necesitan desarrollar terapias más seguras, mejor toleradas y que brinden un control de los síntomas más eficaz en esta población de alto riesgo.

Building and sustaining a good life are goals shared by all individuals and societies. The good life is happy, healthy, productive and meaningful, and it entails more than the mere absence of disease, disorder, and problems. Traditional approaches in psychology largely focus on identifying problems and reducing them. What is needed is a new kind of science and practice that expands and complements existing problem-focused approaches. The new field of positive psychology has the potential to fill this need. In this article, we provide an overview of positive psychology, its main concepts, current research findings, and practical implications for building a good life.

Construir y mantener una buena vida son objetivos compartidos por todos los individuos y sociedades. La buena vida es feliz, saludable, productiva y con significado, e implica más que la mera ausencia de enfermedades, trastornos y problemas. Los enfoques tradicionales de la psicología se centran principalmente en identificar y reducir los problemas. Esos enfoques son útiles hasta cierto punto, pero muestran limitaciones al abordar la cuestión de cómo construir y mantener una buena vida, lo cual requiere capacidades y condiciones adicionales. Resulta por tanto necesario un nuevo tipo de ciencia y práctica que amplíe y complemente los enfoques centrados en los problemas y el nuevo campo de la psicología positiva tiene el potencial para cubrir esta necesidad. En este artículo, ofrecemos una descripción de la psicología positiva, sus conceptos principales, los resultados de las investigaciones actuales y las implicaciones prácticas para la construcción de una buena vida.

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) have a unique yearly life cycle, in which successive generations breed and move northward from the southern USA in spring to the northern US and southern Canada by late summer; they overwinter in extremely restricted areas in central Mexico and along the California coast. Mexican overwintering populations have experienced significant mortality events recently, which have been hypothesized as increasing in frequency owing to climate change. Here, we test the hypothesis of climate-change causation of these mortality events, at least in part, finding significant local weather trends toward conditions lethal for monarch survival. We use ecological niche estimates and future climate projections to estimate future overwintering distributions; results anticipate dramatic reductions in suitability of present overwintering areas, and serious implications for local human economies.

La mariposa monarca (Danaus plexippus) tiene un ciclo de vida singular, en el cual generaciones sucesivas se reproducen y migran hacia el norte, empezando en el sur de los Estados Unidos en la primavera y terminando en el norte de los Estados Unidos y sur del Canadá en verano. Pasan el invierno en unas pocas zonas muy restringidas del centro de México y la costa del estado de California. En tiempos recientes, las poblaciones en México han experimentado mortalidades significativas y se ha hipotetizado que la causa puede ser el cambio climático. En este artículo probamos, al menos en parte, la hipótesis del cambio climático como causa de estos eventos de mortalidad y encontramos un desplazamiento significativo del clima local hacia condiciones que son letales para la mariposa. Utilizamos estimados de nicho ecológico y proyecciones de climas futuros para definir futuras áreas de invernación. Nuestros resultados anticipan una reducción dramática en la calidad de estas áreas actuales e implicaciones serias para las economías locales.

O autor analisa a gíria médica carioca a partir da visão de metáfora interativa ou viva proposta por autores como Black e Ricoeur, aplicada a trocadilhos e outros chistes do cotidiano médico, com o objetivo de desvendar o que os médicos significam ou "querem dizer" com esse registro lingüístico. O artigo adota uma classificação da gíria em três áreas temáticas, i.é., na relação do médico com a formação profissional, com os pacientes e com os serviços de saúde. Comparando seu material empírico com o de estudos americanos que enfocam chistes para pacientes, o autor identifica, além destes, uma série de trocadilhos para os próprios serviços de saúde, levando-o a sugerir interfaces entre a gíria médica e a "hipercrise sanitária" identificada por Schramm.

The author analyzes medical slang in Rio de Janeiro based on the view of interactive or live metaphor proposed by such authors as Black and Ricoeur, applied to puns and other jokes from medical work, with the goal of unveiling what physicians mean by this linguistic register. The article classifies medical slang in three broad areas, pertaining to the physician's relations with professional training and knowledge, patients, and health care services. Comparing his empirical material with previous studies focusing on hospital slang for patients, the author identifies, in addition, a range of slang terms for health care services themselves. The article points to interfaces between medical slang and the Brazilian "health hypercrisis" identified by Schramm.

O autor analisa a gíria médica carioca a partir da visão de metáfora interativa ou viva proposta por autores como Black e Ricoeur, aplicada a trocadilhos e outros chistes do cotidiano médico, com o objetivo de desvendar o que os médicos significam ou "querem dizer" com esse registro lingüístico. O artigo adota uma classificação da gíria em três áreas temáticas, i.é., na relação do médico com a formação profissional, com os pacientes e com os serviços de saúde. Comparando seu material empírico com o de estudos americanos que enfocam chistes para pacientes, o autor identifica, além destes, uma série de trocadilhos para os próprios serviços de saúde, levando-o a sugerir interfaces entre a gíria médica e a "hipercrise sanitária" identificada por Schramm.

The author analyzes medical slang in Rio de Janeiro based on the view of interactive or live metaphor proposed by such authors as Black and Ricoeur, applied to puns and other jokes from medical work, with the goal of unveiling what physicians mean by this linguistic register. The article classifies medical slang in three broad areas, pertaining to the physician's relations with professional training and knowledge, patients, and health care services. Comparing his empirical material with previous studies focusing on hospital slang for patients, the author identifies, in addition, a range of slang terms for health care services themselves. The article points to interfaces between medical slang and the Brazilian "health hypercrisis" identified by Schramm.